Published - Fri, 03-Feb-2023

नवशिक्यांसाठी मूलभूत इंग्रजी व्याकरण

नवशिक्यांसाठी मूलभूत इंग्रजी व्याकरण

जेव्हा तुम्ही भारतात इंग्रजी भाषेबद्दल चर्चा करता तेव्हा तुमच्या मनात पहिली गोष्ट कोणती येते? इंग्रजी व्याकरण ही...! या लेखात, आम्ही नवशिक्यांसाठी काही इंग्रजी व्याकरण कव्हर करत आहोत.

इंग्रजी व्याकरण नक्की आहे काय?

इंग्रजी भाषेचा अभ्यास करताना आपण भारतीयांना तांत्रिकता आवडते. भूतकाळ, वर्तमानकाळ, भविष्यकाळ (Past Tense, Present Tense, Future Tense)... जरी तुम्ही इंग्रजी शिकत नसलात, तरी आम्ही हमी देतो की तुम्ही हे शब्द यापूर्वी अनेकदा ऐकले असतील. ते आपल्यासाठी अपरिचित नक्कीच नाहीत.

पण व्याकरण (Grammar) म्हणजे नक्की काय? व्याकरण हा मुळात भाषा प्रभावीपणे जोडण्यासाठी आणि वापरण्यासाठी तयार केलेल्या नियमांचा एक पारंपरिक संच आहे—ज्याने भाषा योग्यप्रकारे अर्थपूर्ण होईल. व्याकरण हे अढळ नसले तरी ते एखादी भाषा अस्खलितपणे समजून घेण्यासाठी आणि बोलण्यासाठी आवश्यक आहे.

म्हणून, या लेखात, आम्ही नवशिक्यांसाठी काही मूलभूत इंग्रजी व्याकरण कव्हर करत आहोत, ज्यामध्ये सर्वनाम (Pronouns) आणि साधे काल (Simple Tenses) समजून घेणे समाविष्ट आहे.

इंग्रजी सर्वनाम

आपल्या सर्वांना नाम (Noun) काय आहे याची जाणीव आहे, बरोबर? नाम ही मुळात वस्तू, ठिकाणे, व्यक्ती आणि इतर सजीवांची नावे असतात (उदा. फूल, पाय, जॉन, भोपळा, टेबल, फर्निचर, संगणक). आता समजा, जर आपण वेगवेगळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये तेच तेच नाम परत परत वापरले तर ते किती विचित्र वाटेल? म्हणून, त्या जागी आपण तेथे सर्वनाम वापरतो. आपल्या भाषेत पण आपण हेच करतो, नाही का?

सर्वनाम (Pronoun) काय आहेत? सर्वनाम हा एक नामांसाठी पर्याय आहे जे भाषा बोलणे आणि समजणे सुलभ करते. सर्वनामांच्या तीन श्रेणी आहेत आणि प्रत्येक श्रेणी पुढील दोन श्रेणींमध्ये विभागली गेली आहे.

1. प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम (First Person Pronouns)

अ) एकवचनी

प्रथम-पुरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनाम हे स्वतःचा संदर्भ देण्यासाठी वापरला जाते. हे सर्वनाम 'I/me' आहे.

उदाहरणार्थ, I am an engineer.

लक्षात ठेवा, 'I' हे नेहमी मोठ्या अक्षरात लिहिलेले असते.

b) अनेकवचनी

प्रथम-पुरुषी बहुवचन सर्वनाम आपल्या स्वतःच्या गटाचा संदर्भ देण्यासाठी वापरले जाते. हे सर्वनाम 'we/us' आहे.

उदाहरणार्थ, 'We are the future!'

2. द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम

इंग्रजी भाषेत फक्त एकच द्वितीय-पुरुष सर्वनाम आहे, ते म्हणजे 'You' किंवा 'Your'. हे सर्वनाम तुम्ही ज्या लोकांशी थेट बोलता किंवा लिहिता त्यासंदर्भी वापरले जाते. इंग्रजीत द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाचे कोणतेही एकवचन किंवा अनेकवचन नाही. तथापि, या 'Youसर्वनामापुढे 'all' असा शब्द लावून त्याचा बहुवचनी अर्थ काढता येतो. ही दोन उदाहरणे पहा.

"You are a man."

"You all are sailors."

3. तृतीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम

अ) एकवचनी

जेव्हा तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी सर्वनामांचा विचार केला जातो तेव्हा आपल्याला लिंग हा घटक देखील विचारात घ्यावा लागतो. इंग्रजीत वेगवेगळ्या लिंगांसाठी वेगवेगळी सर्वनामे आहेत. खालील यादीवर एक नजर टाका.

He - तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी पुल्लिंगी सर्वनाम.
He is a boy.

She - तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी स्त्रीलिंगी सर्वनाम.
She is a girl.

It - मानवाव्यतिरिक्त निर्जीव वस्तू आणि इतर सजीवांसाठी वापरले जाणारे तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी नपुंसकलिंगी सर्वनाम.
It is a box.

b) अनेकवचनी

इंग्रजीमध्ये फक्त एक तृतीय पुरुषवाचक बहुवचनी सर्वनाम आहे आणि ते आहे 'They'. एकवचनी सर्वनामांसारखे हे सर्वनाम लिंगाने प्रभावित होत नाही. तसेच, इंग्रजीत हे सर्वनाम वडिलधार्‍यांचा आदर दाखवण्यासाठी देखील वापरले जात नाही. भारतीय इंग्रजीत ही चूक अधेमध्ये आढळते. परंतु, इंग्रजीमध्ये मोठ्यांसाथीचा आदर दर्शवण्यासाठी कोणतेही सर्वनाम नाहीत. खालील उदाहरण पहा.

They are playing on the ground.

इंग्रजी व्याकरणातील काळ (Tenses in English Grammar)

इंग्रजी व्याक्रणामध्ये, अर्थातच, काळापेक्षा आणखी काही घटक आहेत. तथापि, व्याकरण कसे कार्य करते यावर काळ सर्वात जास्त परिणाम करतात. म्हणून, मूलभूत स्तरावर इंग्रजी काळ कसे कार्य करतात हे समजून घेणे आवश्यक आहे. चला, त्यांना अधिक तपशीलवार पाहू.

बर्‍याच भारतीय भाषांप्रमाणे, इंग्रजीमध्ये देखील तीन मूलभूत काळ आहेत, जे पुढे चार वेगवेगळ्या श्रेणींमध्ये विभागलेले आहेत. हे काळ म्हणजे भूत, वर्तमान आणि भविष्य. आपण भाषा शिकण्याचा विचार करत असल्यास प्रत्येकाला माहित असले पाहिजे असे मूलभूत तीन काळ पाहू.

a. साधा वर्तमान काळ (Simple Present Tense)

साधा वर्तमान काळ हे एक साधे विधान दर्शवते जे वर्तमानातील घटनेचे वर्णन करते. हा काळ वर्तमानात घडत असलेल्या क्रियेऐवजी, वस्तुस्थितीपर माहिती देण्यासाठी जास्ती वापरला जातो. या काळाची मूलभूत वाक्य रचना खालील सूत्रानुसार आहे:

Subject + V1 + Object/Complement

उदाहरणार्थ, Aury eats a mango.. इथे 'Aury' ही कर्ता आहे; 'eats' हे क्रियापद आहे; आणि 'mango' हे कर्म आहे.

>एक छोटासा धडा!<

S म्हणजे Subject. वाक्यामधील Subject हा कर्ता असतो (जो क्रिया करतो) आणि इंग्रजीत तो क्रियापदाच्या आधी येतो (अपवाद जर ती एक passive वाक्यरचना (कर्मणि प्रयोग) असेल तरच - जिथे विषय शेवटी येतो किंवा अजिबात येत नाही).

V म्हणजे Verb . क्रियापद (Verb) ही मुळात एक क्रिया आहे जी आपला कर्ता (Subject) करतो. वरील सूत्रात, V1 हे क्रियापदाचे वर्तमान रूप आहे.

Object या वाक्याचा भागावर क्रिया घडते. तथापि, सर्व वाक्यांमध्ये कर्म (Object) नसते. कधीकधी, असे शब्द हे विषयाबद्दल (Subject) अधिक माहिती देऊन वाक्यास पूर्णता आणतात. या प्रकारास, पूरक (Complement) किंवा अधिक तंतोतंत, विषय पूरक (Subject Complement) असे म्हणतात.

b. साधा भूतकाळ

साधा भूतकाळ हा भूतकाळात घडलेल्या घटनेबद्दल वक्तव्य करतो. साध्या वर्तमानकाळाप्रमाणे, साधा भूतकाळ देखील साधारणतः भूतकाळात घडलेल्या घटनेऐवजी वस्तुतः माहिती देण्यासाठी वापरला जातो. त्याची वाक्यरचना खालीलप्रमाणे.

Subject + V2 + Object/Complement

येथे, V2 म्हणजे क्रियापदाचे भूतकाळ स्वरूप.

उदाहरणार्थ, He was a sailor.

तुम्ही या वाक्यातील विषय, क्रियापद आणि पूरक ओळखू शकता का? (येथे कोणतेही कर्म नाही आहे).

c. साधा भविष्यकाळ (Simple Future Tense)

साधा भविष्यकाळ भविष्यात घडणाऱ्या गोष्टी किंवा तथ्यांबद्दल बोलतो. त्यात एवढेच आहे. चला वाक्यरचना पाहू.

Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object/Complement

उदाहरणार्थ, 'they will take the class.' येथे, ' they' हा कर्ता आहे, 'will take' हे क्रियापद वाक्याचा भाग बनवते आणि 'class' हे कर्म आहे.

निष्कर्ष

इंग्रजी व्याकरण समजण्यास सोपे आहे,  पण ते अनियमित देखील आहे. या लेखात, आम्ही इंग्रजी व्याकरणाच्या मूलभूत गोष्टींचा फक्त एक थोडक्यात आढावा घेतलेला आहे. तथापि, एक नवशिक्या म्हणून, ते आपल्यासाठी उपयुक्त ठरतील असा आम्हाला विश्वास वाटतो. जेव्हा तुम्ही इंग्रजी शिकायला सुरुवात करता तेव्हा सर्वनाम आणि काळाचे स्वरूप समजून घेणे आवश्यक आहे.

तुम्हाला ही भाषा आणखी शिकण्यात स्वारस्य असल्यास, आम्ही तुम्हाला इंग्रजी व्याकरणाच्या सखोल आकलनासाठी आमचा मूलभूत इंग्रजी अभ्यासक्रम घेण्यासाठी आमंत्रित करू इच्छितो. अधिक माहितीसाठी कृपया आमच्याशी मोकळ्या मनाने कनेक्ट व्हा!

Search
Popular categories
Latest blogs
Oxford Commas and Why are they so important?
Oxford Commas and Why are they so important?
Oxford commas have brought heated debates throughout modern English history, yet we have to reach absolution regarding whether the comma is correct. In this article, we are not going to say whether using the comma is right (or are we?). Instead, we're just going to see what the Oxford comma is all about.So, what exactly is the Oxford Comma?Oxford comma, or the serial comma, is a comma used after the second item in a list of three or more, before the word "and" or "or". This comma was first used by Oxford University Press, hence the name.Using the Oxford comma, however, is a matter of subjective preference. It depends on the region as well. For example, American English almost always recommends using it. However, English writing styles in Canada or the UK may advise against it.In my personal opinion, Oxford commas should be used in sentences that may create ambiguity.Let's see where we actually have to use the Oxford comma with some interesting examples.Oxford Comma and the AmbiguityWhat is ambiguity you may ask? Ambiguity represents that a word or a sentence may possess more than one meaning to it. Since the Oxford comma deals with the ambiguity related to the items listed in a series of three or more, let's take two such examples.1. The office hires software engineers, artists, and salesmen.Here, the comma between "artists" and "and salesmen" is the Oxford comma. However, if I remove it from this sentence, the meaning does not change at all. Look!The office hires software engineers, artists and salesmen. Since software engineers and artists are two completely different words, it does not create ambiguity. So, in this case, the Oxford comma is optional or redundant.Let's take another example!2. He gave his speech to the audience, cats, and dogs.You can already see the Oxford comma here, can't you? Good! Now, what if I remove it? The sentence will read like this.He gave his speech to the audience, cats and dogs.The removal of the Oxford comma creates a funny example of our speaker giving a speech solely to cats and dogs. Adding the comma there will separate the audience as its own element, stating the audience may consist of other people along with some cats and dogs.Of course, the sentence itself isn't as clear as the "audience" isn't properly defined. But hey! At least it's not cats and dogs only. See how the meaning changes?Let's see a few more examples where the comma would definitely be necessary to separate three or more items in a series clearly.a. Ms Sarita is working on two projects, designing the brochure, and preparing a speech.b. He went there with his parents, Rahul, and Anuja.Final ThoughtsThe universal agreement on the Oxford comma usage remains to be seen. However, objectively speaking, it is up to you to subjectively use the comma as you see fit. As you have seen above, the comma isn't distinguished and isn't necessary either.So what does that tell us about the Oxford comma? Use it wisely as you see fit in a sentence. If you personally think not using the comma would cause confusion, do use it. However, be aware of which language rules or writing styles you are following. Because as mentioned earlier, some writing style guides strictly forbid the use.However, writing is an individual task and a writing style has its own individuality. So, whether you should use the comma? I'll leave it to your best judgement.If you are looking for some useful courses to up your skills, feel free to browse our website or drop us a message for more information!

Mon, 06-Feb-2023

English grammar for beginners
English grammar for beginners
What is the first thing that pops up in your mind when you talk about the English Language in India? The English Grammar...!English Grammar? What is it?We Indians love technicality when it comes to studying the English language. Past tense, present tense, future tense... Even though you may not be studying English, we guarantee that you must have heard these terms many times before. They are not really unfamiliar to you.But what is Grammar, exactly? Grammar is basically a conventional set of rules to construct and use a language effectively--in a way that would make sense. While grammar is not absolute, it is necessary to understand and speak a language as fluently as a native.So, in this article, we will cover the three basic tenses. Apart from that, you should be aware of the English pronouns to understand the language more effectively.English PronounsWe all are aware of what nouns are, right? Nouns are basically names for things, places, persons, and other living beings (e.g. flower, leg, John, pumpkin, table, furniture, computer). Well, when we are speaking English, if we consecutively use the same nouns in different sentences, it would sound awkward and weird. Hence, we have pronouns to make up for that.What are pronouns? Pronouns are noun substitute that streamlines speaking and understanding a language. There are three categories of pronouns and each category is further divided into two categories.1. First Person Pronounsa) SingularThe first-person singular pronoun is used for referring to yourself. This pronoun is 'I/me'.For example, I am an engineer.Remember, the 'I' is always written in capital letters.b) PluralThe first-person plural pronoun is used for referring to a group of yourselves. This pronoun is 'we/us'.For example, 'We are the future!'2. Second Person PronounsThere is only one second-person pronoun in the English language, which is 'You' or 'Your'. It is used to refer to your direct listener. There is no singular or plural version of the second-person pronoun. However, the word 'you' may be followed by the word 'all', denoting that it is being used in a plural manner. Take a look at these two examples."You are a man.""You all are sailors."3. Third Person Pronounsa) SingularWhen it comes to third-person singular pronouns, we have to consider gender as a factor. Different genders have different pronouns. Take a look at this list below.He - third person singular male pronoun.He is a boy.She - third person singular female pronoun.She is a girl.It - third person singular non-gendered pronoun used for other living beings apart from humans and inanimate objects.It is a box.b) PluralThere's only one third-person plural pronoun in English and it is 'They'. This pronoun is not affected by gender, unlike singular pronouns. Also, this pronoun is not to be mistaken as an honorary pronoun to show respect to elders. There are no honorary pronouns in English.They are playing on the ground.English Grammar TensesEnglish Grammar is, of course, way more than just tenses. However, tenses affect how grammar functions the most. Hence, it is necessary for us to understand how the tenses work on the basic level. Let's see them in more detail.Like most Indian languages, English also has three basic tenses, that are further subdivided into four different categories. These tenses are Past, Present, and Future. Let's see the basic six tenses everyone should know if they are planning to learn the language.a. Simple Present TenseThe simple present tense denotes a simple statement that describes an event of the present. Simple tenses, unlike continuous tenses, are often used to deliver factual information, rather than an action that is happening in the present. The basic sentence structure follows the following formula:S + V1 + Object/ComplementFor example, Aury eats a mango. Here, 'Aury' is the subject; 'eats' is the verb; and 'mango' is the object.>Quick lesson!<S stands for Subject. The subject of the sentence is the one that does the action and is preceded by the verb (unless it is a passive construction—where the subject comes at the end, or does not come at all).V stands for the Verb in a sentence. A verb is basically an action that our subject does. In this formula, the V1 is the present form of the verb.The Object is the part of the sentence upon which the action happens. However, not all sentences have an object. Sometimes, they just bring full meaning to the sentence by providing more information about the subject. In this case, it's called a complement, or more precisely, a subject complement.b. Simple Past TenseSimple past tense talks about an event that has happened in the past. Like simple present tense, simple past tense, too, is used for delivering factual information rather than an event that was happening in the past. Let's see the syntax.Subject + V2 + Object/ComplementHere, V2 stands for the past form of the verb.For example, He was a sailor.Can you identify the subject, verb, and complement in this sentence? (There's no object here).c. Simple Future TenseThe simple future tense talks about things or facts that may occur in the future. That's all there is to it. Let's see the syntax.Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object/ComplementFor example, 'they will take the class.' Here, 'they' is the subject, 'will take' together makes the verb part of the sentence, and 'class' is the object.ConclusionIn this article, we have barely scratched the surface of English grammar basics. However, it is a good start. Understanding pronouns and the nature of tenses is what you need to understand when you begin learning English. Hopefully, this article has piqued your interest in the language. English grammar is simple to understand, yet so irregular.If you are interested in learning the language, we also invite you to take our Basic English Course for an in-depth understanding of English grammar. Please feel free to connect with us for more information!

Fri, 03-Feb-2023

Wordpress hosting options
Wordpress hosting options
Having an online presence for small businesses in India is still a fairly new concept. While not many are considering the option, some of them have started realising how important it could be for their business. A part of that realisation is to have a website in India. And to have a website, you need a host. So, how and where can I find WordPress hosting solutions in India? Let's find out!What is WordPress?Right, the WordPress. In layman's terms, WordPress is basically a tool to make your website. And for FREE!! In old days, you would absolutely need a developer to make your website. WordPress sort of eliminates that option.Even if you do not have any technical background, you can still create a basic website with WordPress. It is an EMS tool that gives you all the necessary tools and a thousand of free templates to create a website within just a few hours. Awesome, is it not? WordPress does make it fairly easy to create a website.However, you may still have to hire a developer if you want to create a unique-looking website for your business.What is a WordPress host?Even though you can freely create a website with WordPress at no cost, hosting is a completely different domain. The 'host' is basically a server that keeps your website live on the internet and makes it available to the public. To get a unique website address (domain name) for your website, you will need a host.Technically, do you absolutely need a host? No. You can simply create a website on WordPress and publish it with the ".wordpress.com" domain. However, this does not give your business the unique identity it deserves. Furthermore, it is not optimal for attracting customers or handling heavy-duty traffic on your website.So, while hosting costs, it certainly has some upsides. First and foremost, you can choose a unique domain name that creates a unique identity for your business. Secondly, even though hosting costs, it does not have to be expensive. You can pay less than what you pay for your monthly mobile data pack, and still get a quality host for your website. And third, it can handle heavy-duty traffic loads and ensures that your website stays up all the time.Also, this may be optional, but depending on your hosting package, you may also get a website maintenance service from your host provider.What determines the price of a hosting service in India?When it comes to prices, there are many determiners. While you may find a hosting option as cheap as paying 50-150rs per month, you may have to consider some options first.There are two types of WordPress hosting. One that uses a shared hosting server to host your website. This means your website will be hosted on a server other websites are hosted on. Think of this as renting an apartment with other tenants. The other one is dedicated hosting, where you get to keep the server and its resources for your website only. Of course, this is a relatively more expensive option than shared hosting.Secondly, the operating system. Hosts tend to use Windows or Linux as their operating system. Since Windows is paid software, hosting on a Windows OS server tends to get a bit more expensive. However, many experts in the industry proclaim that using Linux may be more viable for your website than Windows itself as it is open-source, free, and flexible.And third, the hardware itself. The cheaper hosting options will get you less storage space for your website, and less website performance value—which may not be optimal if you wish to publish your website globally. More expensive packages tend to give better storage space and hardware resources allocated for your website.So, it is important to remember these factors before you consider a hosting package.What are the WordPress Hosting Solutions in India?WordPress hosting solutions can cost as little as ₹59 per month. Cheaper than you expected? But, it is also essential to get a quality host for your website, right?1. HostingerHostinger is a Lithuanian-based WordPress hosting solution that is popular in India. They have the best deals for all sorts of website hosting solutions in India, starting as cheap as ₹69. The least you can get from Hostinger is 50GB SSD storage space, a free domain name for 1 year, 100GB bandwidth, 2 databases, and 1 email account—all for one website.For more information, please consider visiting the website linked above.2. BigRockBigRock is an Indian-owned hosting company that provides world-class hosting solutions to Indian websites. With plans as cheap as ₹59/month, BigRock provides quite a lucrative hosting solution.  With dedicated and shared hosting options powered by Windows or Linux OS and top-of-the-line hardware resources, your website will run like butter in no time.Find more details regarding their hosting plans on their website.3. BlueHostBlueHost is another well-known hosting solutions brand across the world that is also well-known in India. With their data centres located in India itself, BlueHost actually makes an optimal high-quality hosting solution for Indian websites. With their shared hosting options starting from ₹169/month, BlueHost allocates high-quality hardware resources and technical support for their websites, even for the cheapest plan.For more details, please visit their website.ConclusionThere are a tremendous amount of WordPress hosts in India. In this article, we have chosen the top three options for WordPress hosting solutions in India. This is our personal opinion and has not been affected by any affiliation or sponsorship by any of the hosts mentioned above. We hope that you find this information useful.If you have any other suggestions to make on this article, feel free to connect with us.

Fri, 03-Feb-2023

All blogs